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Author

Tay Kheng Soon
Beijing September 1991

 

1991
THOUGHTS ON SINGAPORE MASS HOUSING

Public housing in Singapore is tied to the political structure. As such, it is both a political product and part of the political process. No discussion of public housing in Singapore will be complete without referencing it to the dynamics of power and the dominance of government. The ruling party came into power on a mass line. The operating philosophy was that of maximisation of the equality of opportunities and the even-handed distribution of benefits to its mass base of support.
A certain uniformity of the housing types and environments was inevi-table.

This is an inhibiting factor in producing radically- different and improved forms of housing and housing environments because, by contrast, the existing housing stock would depreciate in value. The basic design parameters for the HDB housing estates has been based on the assumption that high-rise equals high-density. High-density in the Singapore context means floor space ratio of the current maximum of 2.8. Although these densities are not unduly high, options in building form have not been explored because of the above assumption.

The seminal studies by Martin, March and Steadman of the Centre for Built-Form Studies at Cambridge, England have largely been ignored. The error in HDB studies on alternative heights was in assuming an unchanged block depth/unit type design. Accordingly, the erro-neous conclusion was that spacing between blocks would be untenable at low building heights. If building blocks are deepened, adequate spaces would be possible. Simulta-neously, the length of blocks was also not explored. Continuous convoluted blocks would have solved the problem, but this was not explored.


It is possible that successful agencies do develop mindsets. And this is a possible additional explanation for the half-hearted attempt at exploring alternatives as these run counter to existing wisdom. Some of the above points are implicit in urban planning. The rela-tionship between layout planning and unit type design can be seen to be closely connected. This relationship is precise and exacting. For exam-ple, for block depths to be increased in the interest of variety and block types and block lengths, the internal planning of unit types has to change. Airwells, courtyards and the internalising of kitchens and bathrooms have to be considered. Site coverage is a critical factor. The increase beyond the current 12 to 15% site coverage liberates building form options.


One of the criticisms of life in the existing HDB estates is that there is a low level of civic urban life. Densities should be even higher than the current 2.8. There is no theoretical limit to density. Urban planning must be responsive to the total environment. Clusters of high-density mixed use developments should replace the ubiquitous spread of housing estates into the countryside.

 

 

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